Medical Oncology

Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers

Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Medical Oncologists in Melbourne

Upper gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary cancers include cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder and bile ducts. Although they are grouped together because of anatomy and the specialists involved, each cancer has different biology and treatment. Management is often complex and benefits from multidisciplinary planning involving upper-GI or hepatobiliary surgeons, gastroenterologists, radiologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists and medical oncologists.

Northern Blood & Cancer Care provides specialist medical oncology care in Melbourne for upper gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary cancers

The team includes oncologists with longstanding gastrointestinal cancer experience, upper-GI and hepatobiliary multidisciplinary involvement, and research across pancreatic and other gastrointestinal cancers.

Conditions & Treatments

Oesophageal cancer is most commonly squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. Staging determines whether treatment is intended to cure or control the disease. For localised cancers, treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy in different sequences depending on tumour location and histology. For advanced disease, systemic therapy is guided by pathology and biomarkers such as HER2, PD-L1 and mismatch repair status where relevant. Nutrition is an important part of care because swallowing difficulty and treatment can both affect weight and strength.

Gastric cancer treatment depends on stage and tumour biology. Resectable cancers are commonly treated with chemotherapy and immunotherapy around the time of surgery, while some situations use a different multimodality approach. In advanced disease, HER2, PD-L1, mismatch repair and other biomarkers can influence the use of targeted therapy or immunotherapy. Supportive management of nutrition, anaemia, nausea and weight loss is often required alongside anti-cancer treatment.

Pancreatic cancer often requires close coordination between pancreatic surgeons, gastroenterologists and oncologists. If the tumour is resectable, chemotherapy is commonly used after surgery and may be used before surgery in selected patients. Borderline resectable or locally advanced cancers may receive systemic therapy first to assess biology and improve local control. For metastatic pancreatic cancer, combination chemotherapy is the main treatment for suitable patients. Germline and tumour molecular testing can occasionally identify inherited risk or a targeted treatment opportunity.

Primary liver cancer, especially hepatocellular carcinoma, is strongly influenced by underlying liver function as well as tumour stage. Treatment can involve surgery, ablation, embolisation, radiotherapy or systemic therapy, often through a hepatobiliary multidisciplinary team. Cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancers are different diseases and may be treated with surgery when localised or chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted medicines when advanced. Molecular profiling is particularly relevant in some bile duct cancers because actionable alterations can be present.

Small intestinal cancers develop in the small bowel, which connects the stomach to the large intestine. They include adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumours, lymphoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumours, each requiring a different treatment approach. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, bleeding or anaemia. Diagnosis usually involves imaging and tissue sampling. Surgery is important for localised adenocarcinoma, while chemotherapy or other systemic treatments may be recommended according to the tumour type, stage, location and the patient’s overall health and individual preferences.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are uncommon tumours arising in the wall of the digestive tract, most often in the stomach or small intestine. They behave differently from typical stomach or bowel cancers. Treatment depends on tumour size, location, growth rate and molecular features. Surgery is often used for localised disease. Targeted medicines, such as imatinib, may be recommended before or after surgery, or for advanced disease, depending on the tumour’s genetic changes. Scans help monitor response and check for recurrence.

Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) arise from specialised cells found throughout the body, including the digestive tract and pancreas. Some grow slowly, while others behave more aggressively. Certain tumours release hormones that can cause symptoms such as flushing or diarrhoea. Treatment depends on the tumour’s location, grade, extent and hormone activity. Options may include surgery, medicines called somatostatin analogues, targeted therapy, chemotherapy or peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), a targeted radiation treatment for suitable patients. Specialist multidisciplinary assessment helps guide individual care.

How We Investigate & Plan Care

Assessment often involves high-quality CT or MRI imaging and a biopsy when required. Some cancers can be diagnosed and treated surgically without a pre-operative biopsy, while others need tissue confirmation before systemic therapy. Tumour markers such as CA19-9 or AFP can be useful in selected contexts but cannot diagnose cancer reliably by themselves.

Because these cancers can affect appetite, digestion, bile drainage and weight, nutritional and symptom assessment should begin early. Biliary obstruction may require endoscopic or radiological intervention before chemotherapy can start. Pain, pancreatic enzyme insufficiency, diabetes and clotting risk may also need treatment alongside the cancer itself.

Treatment & Care

Treatment & Ongoing Care

Systemic treatment can include chemotherapy, immunotherapy or biomarker-selected targeted therapy. Treatment choice is based on the specific organ of origin, stage, molecular findings, liver function, performance status and previous treatment. For localised cancers, systemic therapy is planned around surgery or radiotherapy rather than as a separate process.

Northern Blood & Cancer Care’s connection with Northern Health multidisciplinary cancer services supports coordinated decision-making while allowing patients to consult privately in the Northern Private Hospital precinct. Complex cases can be discussed with or referred to tertiary hepatobiliary and upper-GI services where appropriate.

Before You Visit

Preparing for Your Appointment

If you are attending for a new consultation, please bring a current referral, a list of medications and any recent pathology, imaging or biopsy reports that are relevant to this problem. Where possible, serial results are more useful than a single test because they show whether an abnormality is stable, improving or progressing. Your specialist will explain what the results mean, which findings matter, whether additional tests are required and the options available. You are welcome to bring a family member or support person, particularly when the consultation is likely to involve a new diagnosis or a complex treatment decision.

Our Experts

Northern Blood & Cancer Care brings together Melbourne specialists with complementary clinical, hospital and research appointments. The clinicians most closely associated with this service include:

Medical Oncology Expertise

Specialist Upper GI & Hepatobiliary Oncology

Upper gastrointestinal cancers often require complex, multidisciplinary decision-making. Northern Blood & Cancer Care offers dedicated gastrointestinal oncology expertise, with strong upper-GI and hepatobiliary multidisciplinary involvement and gastrointestinal cancer research experience, supporting coordinated treatment planning for pancreatic, oesophageal, stomach, liver and biliary cancers.

Northern Blood & Cancer Care

Specialist Blood & Cancer Care in Melbourne

Northern Blood & Cancer Care brings together a highly experienced team of haematologists, medical oncologists and specialist physicians, with consultations available at Northern Private Hospital in Epping.

Contact our team to arrange an appointment or discuss a referral.